Environmental Issues | Human Activities | Pressure on Coastal Zone (Pressure Indicators) | State of Coastal Zone (State Indicators) |
Eutrophication | Agriculture, urbanisation, fishery & shell fisheries, mariculture | Loads of N P/ year enter sea (river, dredged material, coastal zone point sources, air, diffuse) | Total concentration of P and N in water and identification of blooms |
Heavy metal pollution | Industry, urbanisation, harbour activities (dredging and dumping) | Loads of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) entering the coastal zone | Concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) in sediment |
Over fishing | Fishery & mariculture | Large number of fishing vessels | Reduction in fish population |
Depletion of groundwater | Tourism and recreation, urbanisation, agriculture | Ground water abstracted in coastal zone | Sustainable use of groundwater |
Coastal erosion | Mining, harbour activities (dredging and dumping), coastal protection | Recession of shore (in m/year) | Land loss in (m2/year) |
Climate change | Energy conversion, industry, transport & shipping, urbanisation, tourism & recreation | Relative sea level rise | Land under flooding risk |
Habitat loss | Mining, harbour activities (dredging and dumping), tourism & recreation fishery, coastal zone protection, agriculture, mariculture | Land use /marine function in coastal zone | Loss of priority habitats |